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Benchmarking tree species classification from proximally sensed laser scanning data: Introducing the FOR-species20K dataset
Puliti , Stefano , Lines , Emily R. , Müllerová , Jana , Frey , Julian , Schindler , Zoe , Straker , Adrian , Allen , Matthew J. , Winiwarter , Lukas , Rehush , Nataliia , Hristova , Hristina S. , Murray , Brent A. , Calders , Kim , Coops , Nicholas C. , Höfle , Bernhard , Irwin , Liam A.K. , Junttila , Samuli , Kruček , Martin , Krok , G. , Král , Kamil , Levick , Shaun R. , Lück , Linda , Missarov , Azim , Mokroš , M. , Owen , Harry Jon Foord , Stereńczak , Krzysztof Jan , Pitkänen , Timo P. , Puletti , Nicola , Saarinen , Ninni , Hopkinson , Chris Dennis , Terryn , Louise , Torresan , C. , Tomelleri , Enrico , Weiser , Hannah , Astrup , Rasmus
lidar remote sensing biodiversity deep learning point cloud classification single-tree inventory
Mostra abstract
Proximally sensed laser scanning presents new opportunities for automated forest ecosystem data capture. However, a gap remains in deriving ecologically pertinent information, such as tree species, without additional ground data. Artificial intelligence approaches, particularly deep learning (DL), have shown promise towards automation. Progress has been limited by the lack of large, diverse, and, most importantly, openly available labelled single-tree point cloud datasets. This has hindered both (1) the robustness of the DL models across varying data types (platforms and sensors) and (2) the ability to effectively track progress, thereby slowing the convergence towards best practice for species classification. To address the above limitations, we compiled the FOR-species20K benchmark dataset, consisting of individual tree point clouds captured using proximally sensed laser scanning data from terrestrial (TLS), mobile (MLS) and drone laser scanning (ULS). Compiled collaboratively, the dataset includes data collected in forests mainly across Europe, covering Mediterranean, temperate and boreal biogeographic regions. It includes scattered tree data from other continents, totaling over 20,000 trees of 33 species and covering a wide range of tree sizes and forms. Alongside the release of FOR-species20K, we benchmarked seven leading DL models for individual tree species classification, including both point cloud (PointNet++, MinkNet, MLP-Mixer, DGCNNs) and multi-view 2D-based methods (SimpleView, DetailView, YOLOv5). 2D Image-based models had, on average, higher overall accuracy (0.77) than 3D point cloud-based models (0.72). Notably, the performance was consistently >0.8 across scanning platforms and sensors, offering versatility in deployment. The top-scoring model, DetailView, demonstrated robustness to training data imbalances and effectively generalized across tree sizes. The FOR-species20K dataset represents an important asset for developing and benchmarking DL models for individual tree species classification using proximally sensed laser scanning data. As such, it serves as a crucial foundation for future efforts to classify accurately and map tree species at various scales using laser scanning technology, as it provides the complete code base, dataset, and an initial baseline representative of the current state-of-the-art of point cloud tree species classification methods. © 2025 The Author(s). Methods in Ecology and Evolution published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of British Ecological Society.
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2025
Rivista
Methods in Ecology and Evolution
Dettagli
Vol. 16 (4) pp. 801 - 818
DOI
Continental Contrasts in Climate Extremes That Control Tree Fecundity
Clark , James S. , Andrus , Robert A. , Arianoutsou , Margarita , Ascoli , Davide , Bergeron , Yves , Bogdziewicz , Michał , Boivin , Thomas , Bonal , Raúl , Caignard , Thomas , Cailleret , Maxime , Calama , Rafael A. , Camarero , Jesús Julio , Chianucci , Francesco , Cienciala , Emil , Courbaud , Benoít , Delzon , Sylvain , Dietze , Michael C. , Espelta , Josep Maria , Fady , Bruno , Fyllas , Nikolaos M. , Gilbert , Gregory S. , Gratzer , Georg , Guignabert , Arthur , Hacket-Pain , Andrew J. , Hampe , Arndt , Hanley , Mick E. , Hille Ris Lambers , Janneke , Holik , Jan , Hoshizaki , K. , Hu , Miao , Ibáñez , Inés , Işık , Fatih , Jenkins , Lauren , Johnstone , Jill F. , Journé , Valentin , Kadioglu , Alper Kaan , Kızılaslan , İrem Sena , Knops , Johannes Michael Hubertus , Kobe , Richard K. , Köse , Nesibe , Külah , Eylül U. , Kunstler , Georges , LaMontagne , Jalene M. , Ledwoń , Mateusz , Lehtonen , Aleksi , Loewe-Muñoz , Verónica F. , Lutz , James A. , Mårell , Anders , Meyer , Kira , Moran , Emily V. , Motta , Renzo , Myers , Jonathan A. , Nagel , Thomas A. , Pérez-Ramos , Ignacio M. , Piechnik , Łukasz , Podgórski , Tomasz , Poulton-Kamakura , Renata , Qiu , Tong , Redmond , Miranda D. , Reid , Chantal D. , Rodman , Kyle C. , Rodríguez-Sánchez , Francisco , Šamonil , Pavel , Šebeň , Vladimír , Seget , Barbara , Sharma , Shubhi , Socha , Jarosław Ł. , Steele , Michael A. , Straub , Jacob N. , Sutton , Samantha , Thomas , Peter A. , Vacchiano , Giorgio , Venner , Marie Claude , Venner , Samuel , Zavala , Miguel A. , Zheng , Shiqi , Żywiec , Magdalena
drought climate extremes forest recovery late freeze
Mostra abstract
In 2023, more than half of olive harvests (Olea europaea) across Spain, Greece, and Türkiye were lost to drought. The same year late freeze destroyed 90% of the peach crop (Prunus persica) on the Georgia Piedmont and the apple crop (Malus domestica) in central New York, Vermont, and southern Quebec. Climate extremes now rank with the costliest threats to agriculture, but their role in forest recovery from diebacks that are happening globally is unknown for lack of tree fecundity estimates in forests. Tolerance of climate extremes could depend on past exposure but constrained by phylogenetic conservatism. We report a continental scale analysis of climate extremes and forest fecundity across North America and Europe showing that responses to late freeze and drought are happening now. Species differences are not explained by the traits typically included in ecological studies and they are weakly associated with phylogeny. Late freeze, that is, freezing temperatures that follow the onset of flower development in spring, is shown to be “normal” in North America, but not Europe, potentially explaining failed seed production due to delayed onset and the resultant shorter growing period by North American transplants dating back at least to the 18th century. Drought has thus far had the greatest impacts in dry forested regions, but here too, species differences are not explained by traditional trait values. If responses have been buffered from drought and late freeze by past exposure, acclimation and local adaptation prove inadequate as extremes intensify. © 2026 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
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2026
Rivista
Global Change Biology
Dettagli
Vol. 32 (2)
DOI
The Relationship Between Maturation Size and Maximum Tree Size From Tropical to Boreal Climates
Journé , Valentin , Bogdziewicz , Michał , Courbaud , Benoít , Kunstler , Georges , Qiu , Tong , Aravena Acuña , Marie Claire , Ascoli , Davide , Bergeron , Yves , Berveiller , Daniel , Boivin , Thomas , Bonal , Raúl , Caignard , Thomas , Cailleret , Maxime , Calama , Rafael A. , Camarero , Jesús Julio , Chang-Yang , Chia Hao , Chave , Jérôme , Chianucci , Francesco , Curt , Thomas , Cutini , Andrea , Das , Adrian J. , Daskalakou , Evangelia N. , Davi , Hendrik , Delpierre , Nicolas , Delzon , Sylvain , Dietze , Michael C. , Calderon , Sergio Donoso , Dormont , Laurent , Espelta , Josep Maria , Farfan-Rios , William R. , Fenner , Michael , Franklin , Jerry F. , Gehring , Catherine A. , Gilbert , Gregory S. , Gratzer , Georg , Greenberg , Cathryn H. , Guignabert , Arthur , Guo , Qinfeng , Hacket-Pain , Andrew J. , Hampe , Arndt , Han , Qingmin , Hanley , Mick E. , Hille Ris Lambers , Janneke , Holik , Jan , Hoshizaki , K. , Ibáñez , Inés , Johnstone , Jill F. , Knops , Johannes Michael Hubertus , Kobe , Richard K. , Kurokawa , Hiroko , Lageard , Jonathan G.A. , LaMontagne , Jalene M. , Ledwoń , Mateusz , Lefèvre , François , Leininger , Theodor D. , Limousin , Jean Marc , Lutz , James A. , Macias , Diana S. , Mårell , Anders , McIntire , Eliot J.B. , Moran , Emily V. , Motta , Renzo , Myers , Jonathan A. , Nagel , Thomas A. , Naoe , Shoji , Noguchi , Mahoko , Norghauer , Julian M. , Oguro , Michio , Ourcival , Jean Marc , Parmenter , Robert R. , Pearse , Ian S. , Pérez-Ramos , Ignacio M. , Piechnik , Łukasz , Podgórski , Tomasz , Poulsen , John R. , Redmond , Miranda D. , Reid , Chantal D. , Šamonil , Pavel , Scher , C. Lane , Schlesinger , William H. , Seget , Barbara , Sharma , Shubhi , Shibata , Mitsue , Silman , Miles R. , Steele , Michael A. , Stephenson , Nathan L. , Straub , Jacob N. , Sutton , Samantha , Swenson , Jennifer J. , Swift , Margaret , Thomas , Peter A. , Uríarte , María , Vacchiano , Giorgio , Whipple , Amy Vaughn , Whitham , Thomas G. , Wright , Stuart Joseph , Zhu , Kai , Zimmerman , Jess K. , Żywiec , Magdalena , Clark , James S.
seed production allometry life history size tree fecundity tree maturation
Mostra abstract
The fundamental trade-off between current and future reproduction has long been considered to result in a tendency for species that can grow large to begin reproduction at a larger size. Due to the prolonged time required to reach maturity, estimates of tree maturation size remain very rare and we lack a global view on the generality and the shape of this trade-off. Using seed production from five continents, we estimate tree maturation sizes for 486 tree species spanning tropical to boreal climates. Results show that a species' maturation size increases with maximum size, but in a non-proportional way: the largest species begin reproduction at smaller sizes than would be expected if maturation were simply proportional to maximum size. Furthermore, the decrease in relative maturation size is steepest in cold climates. These findings on maturation size drivers are key to accurately represent forests' responses to disturbance and climate change. © 2024 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
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2024
Rivista
Ecology Letters
Dettagli
Vol. 27 (9)
DOI
Evolutionary ecology of masting: mechanisms, models, and climate change
Bogdziewicz , Michał , Kelly , Dave J. , Ascoli , Davide , Caignard , Thomas , Chianucci , Francesco , Crone , Elizabeth E. , Fleurot , Emilie , Foest , Jessie J. , Gratzer , Georg , Hagiwara , Tomika , Han , Qingmin , Journé , Valentin , Keurinck , Léa , Kondrat , Katarzyna , McClory , Ryan W. , LaMontagne , Jalene M. , Mundo , Ignacio A. , Nussbaumer , Anita , Oberklammer , Iris , Ohno , Misuzu , Pearse , Ian S. , Pesendorfer , Mario B. , Resente , Giulia , Satake , Akiko , Shibata , Mitsue , Snell , Rebecca S. , Szymkowiak , Jakub , Touzot , Laura , Zwolak , Rafał , Żywiec , Magdalena , Hacket-Pain , Andrew J.
climate change economies of scale environmental prediction plant demography plant reproduction
Mostra abstract
Many perennial plants show mast seeding, characterized by synchronous and highly variable reproduction across years. We propose a general model of masting, integrating proximate factors (environmental variation, weather cues, and resource budgets) with ultimate drivers (predator satiation and pollination efficiency). This general model shows how the relationships between masting and weather shape the diverse responses of species to climate warming, ranging from no change to lower interannual variation or reproductive failure. The role of environmental prediction as a masting driver is being reassessed; future studies need to estimate prediction accuracy and the benefits acquired. Since reproduction is central to plant adaptation to climate change, understanding how masting adapts to shifting environmental conditions is now a central question. © 2024 The Authors
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2024
Rivista
Trends in Ecology and Evolution
Dettagli
Vol. 39 (9) pp. 851 - 862
DOI
Masting is uncommon in trees that depend on mutualist dispersers in the context of global climate and fertility gradients
Qiu , Tong , Aravena Acuña , Marie Claire , Ascoli , Davide , Bergeron , Yves , Bogdziewicz , Michał , Boivin , Thomas , Bonal , Raúl , Caignard , Thomas , Cailleret , Maxime , Calama , Rafael A. , Calderon , Sergio Donoso , Camarero , Jesús Julio , Chang-Yang , Chia Hao , Chave , Jérôme , Chianucci , Francesco , Courbaud , Benoít , Cutini , Andrea , Das , Adrian J. , Delpierre , Nicolas , Delzon , Sylvain , Dietze , Michael C. , Dormont , Laurent , Espelta , Josep Maria , Fahey , Timothy J. , Farfan-Rios , William R. , Franklin , Jerry F. , Gehring , Catherine A. , Gilbert , Gregory S. , Gratzer , Georg , Greenberg , Cathryn H. , Guignabert , Arthur , Guo , Qinfeng , Hacket-Pain , Andrew J. , Hampe , Arndt , Han , Qingmin , Holik , Jan , Hoshizaki , K. , Ibáñez , Inés , Johnstone , Jill F. , Journé , Valentin , Kitzberger , Thomas A. , Knops , Johannes Michael Hubertus , Kunstler , Georges , Kurokawa , Hiroko , Lageard , Jonathan G.A. , LaMontagne , Jalene M. , Lefèvre , François , Leininger , Theodor D. , Limousin , Jean Marc , Lutz , James A. , Macias , Diana S. , Mårell , Anders , McIntire , Eliot J.B. , Moore , Christopher M. , Moran , Emily V. , Motta , Renzo , Myers , Jonathan A. , Nagel , Thomas A. , Naoe , Shoji , Noguchi , Mahoko , Oguro , Michio , Parmenter , Robert R. , Pearse , Ian S. , Pérez-Ramos , Ignacio M. , Piechnik , Łukasz , Podgórski , Tomasz , Poulsen , John R. , Redmond , Miranda D. , Reid , Chantal D. , Rodman , Kyle C. , Rodríguez-Sánchez , Francisco , Šamonil , Pavel , Sanguinetti , Javier D. , Scher , C. Lane , Seget , Barbara , Sharma , Shubhi , Shibata , Mitsue , Silman , Miles R. , Steele , Michael A. , Stephenson , Nathan L. , Straub , Jacob N. , Sutton , Samantha , Swenson , Jennifer J. , Swift , Margaret , Thomas , Peter A. , Uríarte , María , Vacchiano , Giorgio , Whipple , Amy Vaughn , Whitham , Thomas G. , Wion , Andreas P. , Wright , Stuart Joseph , Zhu , Kai , Zimmerman , Jess K. , Żywiec , Magdalena , Clark , James S.
plant seed seeds tree trees reproduction fertility satiety satiation
Mostra abstract
The benefits of masting (volatile, quasi-synchronous seed production at lagged intervals) include satiation of seed predators, but these benefits come with a cost to mutualist pollen and seed dispersers. If the evolution of masting represents a balance between these benefits and costs, we expect mast avoidance in species that are heavily reliant on mutualist dispersers. These effects play out in the context of variable climate and site fertility among species that vary widely in nutrient demand. Meta-analyses of published data have focused on variation at the population scale, thus omitting periodicity within trees and synchronicity between trees. From raw data on 12 million tree-years worldwide, we quantified three components of masting that have not previously been analysed together: (i) volatility, defined as the frequency-weighted year-to-year variation; (ii) periodicity, representing the lag between high-seed years; and (iii) synchronicity, indicating the tree-to-tree correlation. Results show that mast avoidance (low volatility and low synchronicity) by species dependent on mutualist dispersers explains more variation than any other effect. Nutrient-demanding species have low volatility, and species that are most common on nutrient-rich and warm/wet sites exhibit short periods. The prevalence of masting in cold/dry sites coincides with climatic conditions where dependence on vertebrate dispersers is less common than in the wet tropics. Mutualist dispersers neutralize the benefits of masting for predator satiation, further balancing the effects of climate, site fertility and nutrient demands. © 2023, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Limited.
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2023
Rivista
Nature Plants
Dettagli
Vol. 9 (7) pp. 1044 - 1056
DOI
Linking seed size and number to trait syndromes in trees
Bogdziewicz , Michał , Aravena Acuña , Marie Claire , Andrus , Robert A. , Ascoli , Davide , Bergeron , Yves , Brveiller , Daniel , Boivin , Thomas , Bonal , Raúl , Caignard , Thomas , Cailleret , Maxime , Calama , Rafael A. , Calderon , Sergio Donoso , Camarero , Jesús Julio , Chang-Yang , Chia Hao , Chave , Jérôme , Chianucci , Francesco , Cleavitt , Natalie L. , Courbaud , Benoít , Cutini , Andrea , Curt , Thomas , Das , Adrian J. , Davi , Hendrik , Delpierre , Nicolas , Delzon , Sylvain , Dietze , Michael C. , Dormont , Laurent , Farfan-Rios , William R. , Gehring , Catherine A. , Gilbert , Gregory S. , Gratzer , Georg , Greenberg , Cathryn H. , Guignabert , Arthur , Guo , Qinfeng , Hacket-Pain , Andrew J. , Hampe , Arndt , Han , Qingmin , Hoshizaki , K. , Ibáñez , Inés , Johnstone , Jill F. , Journé , Valentin , Kitzberger , Thomas A. , Knops , Johannes Michael Hubertus , Kunstler , Georges , Kobe , Richard K. , Lageard , Jonathan G.A. , LaMontagne , Jalene M. , Ledwoń , Mateusz , Leininger , Theodor D. , Limousin , Jean Marc , Lutz , James A. , Macias , Diana S. , Mårell , Anders , McIntire , Eliot J.B. , Moran , Emily V. , Motta , Renzo , Myers , Jonathan A. , Nagel , Thomas A. , Naoe , Shoji , Noguchi , Mahoko , Oguro , Michio , Kurokawa , Hiroko , Ourcival , Jean Marc , Parmenter , Robert R. , Pérez-Ramos , Ignacio M. , Piechnik , Łukasz , Podgórski , Tomasz , Poulsen , John R. , Qiu , Tong , Redmond , Miranda D. , Reid , Chantal D. , Rodman , Kyle C. , Šamonil , Pavel , Holik , Jan , Scher , C. Lane , van Marle , Harald Schmidt , Seget , Barbara , Shibata , Mitsue , Sharma , Shubhi , Silman , Miles R. , Steele , Michael A. , Straub , Jacob N. , Sun , I. Fang , Sutton , Samantha , Swenson , Jennifer J. , Thomas , Peter A. , Uríarte , María , Vacchiano , Giorgio , Veblen , Thomas Thorstein , Wright , Boyd R. , Wright , Stuart Joseph , Whitham , Thomas G. , Zhu , Kai , Zimmerman , Jess K. , Żywiec , Magdalena , Clark , James S.
fecundity functional traits leaf economics life history strategies size syndrome tree recruitment
Mostra abstract
Aim: Our understanding of the mechanisms that maintain forest diversity under changing climate can benefit from knowledge about traits that are closely linked to fitness. We tested whether the link between traits and seed number and seed size is consistent with two hypotheses, termed the leaf economics spectrum and the plant size syndrome, or whether reproduction represents an independent dimension related to a seed size–seed number trade-off. Location: Most of the data come from Europe, North and Central America and East Asia. A minority of the data come from South America, Africa and Australia. Time period: 1960–2022. Major taxa studied: Trees. Methods: We gathered 12 million observations of the number of seeds produced in 784 tree species. We estimated the number of seeds produced by individual trees and scaled it up to the species level. Next, we used principal components analysis and generalized joint attribute modelling (GJAM) to map seed number and size on the tree traits spectrum. Results: Incorporating seed size and number into trait analysis while controlling for environment and phylogeny with GJAM exposes relationships in trees that might otherwise remain hidden. Production of the large total biomass of seeds [product of seed number and seed size; hereafter, species seed productivity (SSP)] is associated with high leaf area, low foliar nitrogen, low specific leaf area (SLA) and dense wood. Production of high seed numbers is associated with small seeds produced by nutrient-demanding species with softwood, small leaves and high SLA. Trait covariation is consistent with opposing strategies: one fast-growing, early successional, with high dispersal, and the other slow-growing, stress-tolerant, that recruit in shaded conditions. Main conclusions: Earth system models currently assume that reproductive allocation is indifferent among plant functional types. Easily measurable seed size is a strong predictor of the seed number and species seed productivity. The connection of SSP with the functional traits can form the first basis of improved fecundity prediction across global forests. © 2023 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
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2023
Rivista
Global Ecology and Biogeography
Dettagli
Vol. 32 (5) pp. 683 - 694
DOI
Early and long-term impacts of browsing by roe deer in oak coppiced woods along a gradient of population density
Chianucci , Francesco , Mattioli , Luca , Amorini , Emilio , Giannini , Tessa , Marcon , Andrea , Chirichella , Roberta , Apollonio , Marco , Cutini , Andrea
capreolus capreolus coppice forest forest damage stool turkey oak
Mostra abstract
Over the last few decades, wild ungulate populations have exhibited relevant geographic and demographic expansion in most European countries; roe deer is amongst the most widespread ungulate species. The increasing roe deer densities have led to strong impact on forest regeneration; the problem has been recently recognized in coppice woods, a silvicultural system which is widespread in Italy, where it amounts to about 56% of the total national forested area. In this study we investigated the effect of roe deer browsing on the vegetative regeneration of Turkey oak few years after coppicing, along a gradient of roe deer density. A browsing index revealed that browsing impact was high at any given roe deer density but increased at higher density, with the browsing rate ranging from 65% to 79%. We also analyzed the long-term impact of browsing six and eleven years after coppicing under a medium roe deer density. Results indicated the early impact are not ephemeral but produced prolonged impacts through time, with an average reduction in volume of-57% and-41% six and eleven years after coppicing, respectively. Based on these results we proposed integrating browsing monitoring with roe deer density estimation to allow identifying ungulate densities which are compatible with silvicultural and forest management objectives. The proposed browsing index can be regarded as an effective management tool, on account of its simplicity and cost-effectiveness, being therefore highly suitable for routine, large scale monitoring of browsing impact.
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2015
Rivista
Annals of Silvicultural Research
Dettagli
Vol. 39 (1) pp. 32 - 36
DOI
Roe deer (Capreolus capreolus L.) browsing effects and use of chestnut and Turkey oak coppiced areas
Cutini , Andrea , Bongi , Paolo , Chianucci , Francesco , Pagon , Nives , Grignolio , Stefano , Amorini , Emilio , Apollonio , Marco
castanea sativa coppice deer forest damages quercus cerris
Mostra abstract
Introduction: Roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) browsing pressure on vegetative regeneration of Turkey oak (Quercus cerris) and chestnut (Castanea sativa) and roe deer use of coppiced areas were investigated. Methods: In the Apennines, Central Italy, six experimental areas were chosen, where fenced (ungulate access excluded, protected P) and non-fenced (ungulate influence present, non-protected NP) plots were established after coppicing. From 2002 to 2005, each plot was surveyed twice a year, and number, biomass, collar diameter, and total height of the sprouts were measured. Results:Roe deer had a different effect on the re-growth of Turkey oak and chestnut sprouts. After 4 years, chestnut did not show any browsing-related damage, while in Turkey oak, biomass and height of the sprouts in fenced plots significantly differed from those in non-fenced plots. The results agreed with an experimental browsing index. The outcome is relevant because it represents a quick and reliable field tool to assess the impact on a larger scale, where analytic and quantitative approaches cannot be applied. The locations of 62 adult radiocollared roe deer confirmed an increase in the use of coppiced areas. A utilisation index showed more frequent use of these areas during and after forest work. Contrary to common opinion, logging seemed to attract roe deer in coppiced areas as the vegetation biomass at their disposal increased. © INRA and Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2011.
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2011
Rivista
Annals of Forest Science
Dettagli
Vol. 68 (4) pp. 667 - 674
DOI